A
Context Gap-Fill
Choose from the word bank. Two words are extra.
Every weekday morning, millions of people begin moving across Jakarta, Indonesia’s enormous capital region. Motorcycles weave between cars, buses wait in long lines, and commuters watch the minutes pass. Jakarta is a megacity: its wider urban area is home to more than 30 million residents. Many people live in suburbs outside the centre but travel inward for work or education. This concentration of jobs and services creates opportunity, yet it also places fierce pressure on the transport system.
The most visible problem is traffic congestion. For decades, Jakarta spread out while the number of private vehicles grew rapidly. Roads did not grow at the same rate. A journey that should take thirty minutes can sometimes last two hours. Unpredictable travel makes workers late and reduces the time families spend together. It also affects businesses. Deliveries arrive slowly, employees lose productive hours, and companies must pay more to move goods through the city.
Traffic creates environmental and health problems as well. Vehicles burn fuel while moving slowly or waiting, releasing gases and tiny particles into the air. Poor air quality can make breathing conditions worse and can be especially harmful to children and older residents. Constant engine noise adds stress. The problem is not separate from climate change either: transport is an important source of the city’s carbon emissions. Simply constructing more roads may provide temporary relief, but wider roads often encourage more people to drive. Soon, the new space fills again.
Jakarta has therefore started building a more connected public-transport network. The city opened its first modern Mass Rapid Transit line in 2019. The MRT carries passengers on trains that avoid road traffic, making journey times more reliable. The city has also expanded the TransJakarta bus system. Special bus lanes allow many buses to move past crowded cars, although other vehicles sometimes enter these lanes and lower their effectiveness. Commuter rail and a newer light-rail system provide additional choices for people travelling from different parts of the metropolitan area.
Building transport is only one aspect of the solution. People must be able to reach stations safely and easily. Jakarta has improved some pavements, crossings, bicycle lanes, and connections between services. A traveller should be able to leave a train, find the correct bus, and pay without facing a confusing barrier. Integrated fares and clear information can make public transport feel like one system rather than several separate systems. More housing near stations could also shorten journeys and reduce the need for cars.
Technology can help manage the roads that remain. Traffic-control centres can study live information and adjust signals when one route becomes unusually dense. Navigation apps can warn drivers about construction or an occasional accident. However, technology cannot create unlimited road space. City leaders have discussed policies that make driving into the busiest areas more expensive. Such policies may reduce traffic, but they must be introduced carefully. Lower-income residents need affordable and dependable alternatives before restrictions become stronger.
The challenge is made more complicated by geography and government. Jakarta contains canals and rivers and is vulnerable to flooding, which can interrupt roads and railways. The urban area also crosses several local government boundaries. A route may begin in one city and end in another, so leaders must cooperate instead of planning each area separately. Projects are expensive and construction can temporarily make congestion worse. Residents may lose patience before the benefits appear.
Jakarta has not solved its traffic problem, and no single project will do so. Still, the city has changed its approach. Instead of depending only on wider roads, it has invested in trains, busways, safer walking routes, better connections, and smarter management. Success will depend on whether these choices become reliable, affordable, and convenient enough for millions of people. The central lesson is clear: a growing megacity cannot build its way out of congestion with roads alone. It must give residents practical reasons to choose other ways of travelling.